Exploring V2X in 5G networks: A comprehensive survey of location-based
services in hybrid scenarios
Mendes, B.
; Araújo, M.
; Goes, A.
;
Corujo, D.
;
Oliveira, A.
Vehicular Communications Vol. 52, Nº , pp. 1 - 34, April, 2025.
ISSN (print): 2214-2096
ISSN (online):
Scimago Journal Ranking: 1,78 (in 2023)
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100878
Abstract
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications are constrained by both 3GPP technical specifications, as well as by country-specific spectrum regulations. The world’s largest economies, such as the USA, EU and China have self-imposed regulations regarding the specific bandwidths and central spectrum frequencies where both safety and non-safety related V2X communication services are allowed to occur (always aligned with the aforemen tioned 3GPP technical specifications). Although the channels used for safety, non-safety, and control packets differ, what all of these countries have in common is that V2X shall occur mostly on New Radio Unlicensed (NRU) spectrum, i.e., by means of private networks. A specific bandwidth in the public spectrum is also available, but since public spectrum is purchased through auctions, it is quite common the case that one particular operator will own the entirety of this spectrum, leading to a monopoly in V2X operations. Besides, this public spectrum is quite limited in bandwidt